Abstract
With plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the catalyst temperature is below the light-off temperature due to reduced engine load, extended engine off period, and frequent engine on/off shifting. The conversion efficiency of a three-way catalyst (TWC) and tailpipe emissions were proven to depend heavily on the temperature of the catalyst. The existing energy management strategy (EMS) of the PHEVs focuses on the improvement of fuel efficiency and emissions based on hot engine characteristics, but neglects the effect of catalyst temperature on tailpipe emissions. This paper presents a new EMS that incorporates a catalyst thermal management method. First, an additional cost is established to implement additional constraints on catalyst temperature, and then the global cost function is created using this additional cost and the fuel consumption. Second, we find the global optimal solution using Pontryagin’s minimum principle method, which provides an optimal control policy and state trajectories. Then, based on the analysis of the optimal control policy, an engine on/off filter (eng on/off filter) is introduced to command the engine on/off shifting. This filter plays an important role in adjusting both the energy and catalyst thermal management strategy for PHEVs. Finally, a practical approach based on the eng on/off filter is developed, and a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the time constants of this filter. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach‘s fuel consumption increased slightly, but the tailpipe emissions of HC (hydrocarbons), CO (carbon monoxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxide) significantly decreased compared with the standard approach.
Highlights
An energy management strategy (EMS) is a crucial technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) owing to its impact on fuel economy and emissions performance [1,2]
This study focused on a single-shaft parallel continuously variable transmission (CVT)-based PHEV
If 0 ≤ Mreq ≤ Mmmax, the torque requested can only be provided by battery; if Mmmax < Mreq ≤ Memax, the torque requested can be provided by the engine only; and if Mreq > Memax, the engine and motor both provide the requested torque
Summary
An energy management strategy (EMS) is a crucial technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) owing to its impact on fuel economy and emissions performance [1,2]. Pontryagin’s minimum principle (A-PMP) [19], quadratic programming (QP) [20], equivalent consumption minimum strategy (ECMS) [21,22,23], and adapt equivalent consumption minimum strategy (A-ECMS) [24,25] have been successfully applied to improve the energy management of PHEVs. The optimality criterion of the above methods is the fuel consumption and, possibly, emissions. A PMP-based EMS integrating catalyst temperature is proposed in this study This EMS adds a penalty, called an additional cost, for undesired catalyst temperature to the global cost function, and Pontryagin’s minimum principle method is used to find the globally optimal solution.
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