Abstract
BackgroundThe invasion of Solidago canadensis probably related to polyploidy, which may promotes its potential of sexual reproductive. S. canadensis as an invasive species which rapidly widespread through yield huge numbers of seed, but the mechanism remains unknown. To better understand the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis, transcriptome and small RNA sequencing of diploid and hexaploid cytotypes in flower bud and fruit development stages were performed in this study.ResultsThe transcriptome analysis showed that in the flower bud stage, 29 DEGs were MADS-box related genes with 14 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 12 SPL genes were detected differentially expressed with 5 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated. In the fruit development stage, 26 MADS-box related genes with 20 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated in hexaploid S. canadensis; 5 SPL genes were all up-regulated; 28 seed storage protein related genes with 18 were up-regulated and 10 down-regulated. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 19 modules which consisted of co-expressed DEGs with functions such as sexual reproduction, secondary metabolism and transcription factors. Furthermore, we discovered 326 miRNAs with 67 known miRNAs and 259 novel miRNAs. Some of miRNAs, such as miR156, miR156a and miR156f, which target the sexual reproduction related genes.ConclusionOur study provides a global view of the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis based on the molecular mechanisms, which may promote hexaploid S. canadensis owing higher yield and fruit quality in the process of sexual reproduction and higher germination rate of seeds, and finally conductive to diffusion, faster propagation process and enhanced invasiveness.
Highlights
The invasion of Solidago canadensis probably related to polyploidy, which may promotes its potential of sexual reproductive
Based on the alignment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two cytotypes with the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, we found that 7892 genes were differentially expressed in the flower bud stage and 8990 genes in the fruit development stage
Studies have shown that CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) protein can inhibit the expression of phytochrome B (PHYB) activation-tagged suppressor 1 (BAS1) gene to regulate the synthesis of brassinosteroids [49]
Summary
The invasion of Solidago canadensis probably related to polyploidy, which may promotes its potential of sexual reproductive. S. canadensis as an invasive species which rapidly widespread through yield huge numbers of seed, but the mechanism remains unknown. To better understand the advantages of sexual reproduction in hexaploid S. canadensis, transcriptome and small RNA sequencing of diploid and hexaploid cytotypes in flower bud and fruit development stages were performed in this study. Many invasive species pose a serious threat to local biodiversity, the invasion of alien plants will affect and simplify the new state of ecosystem [2]. The advantages of sexual reproduction include the increased offspring diversity, reduced intraspecific competition and wider distribution potential for rapidly initiating new populations far from the parental plants [12]. Some invasive species spread rapidly via seed reproduction in the invasion process [11, 14]. Knowing the priority of sexual reproduction mechanism in the invasion success of exotic species is essential to understanding invasion strategies for invasive species
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