Abstract
Founded in 1883 by Otto von Bismarck, Germany's Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) program today insures about 90% of the country's population. The program is predominantly employment-based, with contributions from employees and employers calculated as a percentage of wages; nonworking spouses and children are covered free of charge (see table and case histories; to compare this country with others, see the interactive graphic). Coverage is offered through independent “sickness funds” (health plans), which all offer mandatory comprehensive benefits but may compete with one another by offering optional ones. In this decentralized system, federal, state, and local governments make policy, which is implemented . . .
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