Insulin resistance and postprandial triglyceride levels in primary renal disease

Abstract

Background Renal failure is associated with a range of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. We examined the role of creatinine clearance (CrCl) and body composition in the development of insulin resistance in patients with primary renal disease and a variable degree of renal failure. We also determined the effect of a high-fat meal on postprandial triglyceride levels in a subgroup of these patients. Methods Forty-four patients with primary renal disease (men, 25; women, 19; age, 21-75 years) were compared to 44 controls matched for age, sex, and body composition. Renal biochemistry, plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and nonesterified fatty acids were measured in the fasting state. Insulin sensitivity was calculated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-R), and pancreatic beta-cell secretory capacity by HOMA- β. Fourteen normotriglyceridemic subjects from each group consumed an 80-g fat meal to examine their postprandial metabolic response. Results Although there was no significant difference between HOMA-R for the controls and the entire patient group ( P = .06), HOMA-R was significantly higher in patients with CrCl less than 60 mL/min than those with CrCl greater than 60 mL/min or control subjects ( P < .01 for each pair). Exponential analysis of the relationship between CrCl and HOMA-R and - β showed a line of best fit that was superior to that obtained by linear regression analysis ( P < .01 and P < .005, respectively). HOMA-R in renal patients was correlated with several parameters of body composition, including central fat (kilogram) ( P < .005). There was no difference in body fat parameters or HOMA-R for the patient and control subgroups undergoing a fat meal challenge. However, the patient subgroup showed a greater postprandial incremental rise in plasma triglycerides compared to controls ( P < .02). Conclusion Patients with renal disease exhibit metabolic features typically associated with the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance increased with decline in renal function and was significantly higher in patients with CrCl less than 60 mL/min compared to subjects with CrCl greater than 60 mL/min or carefully matched controls. Renal patients also showed significant postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.