Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes patients with or without microalbuminuria

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with or without microalbuminuria and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of the increased macrovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Twelve type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria (urinary albumin 30–300 μg/mg creatinine, DM-MA) and 12 type 2 diabetes patients without microalbuminuria (urinary albumin <30 μg/mg creatinine, DM-NA) were recruited, matched for their sex, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes duration, antidiabetic therapy. Their hemoglobin (HbA 1C) was less than 7.5% and the blood pressure was lower than 140/90 mmHg. None had evidence of macrovascular disease and serum cholesterol levels were normal. Twelve healthy volunteers (C) were enrolled as controls. All subjects received a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study (insulin infusion rate, 120 mU/m 2/min) to assess the peripheral glucose disposal rate (GDR) in the steady state and had a high-resolution ultrasonography to measure vasodilation in the brachial artery diameter in response to reactive hyperemia (endothelium-dependent) and administration of glyceryl trinitrate (endothelium-independent). Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were also measured. Results: The GDR was lower in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria (7.90±1.79 mg/kg/min) than in patients without microalbuminuria (9.46±1.59 mg/kg/min, P<0.05), and the GDR in both diabetes groups was decreased, compared with the findings from the healthy control group (13.06±1.98 mg/kg/min, P<0.01). Plasma FFAs concentration was different among the three groups (DM-MA—1008±229 μmol/l, DM-NA—675±201 μmol/l, P<0.01; C—364±169 μmol/l, P<0.01). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was impaired in the microalbuminuric patients (8.0±3.8%) compared with the normoalbuminuria patients (9.7±4.3%, P>0.05) and the healthy controls (14.2±5.0, P<0.05). Plasma PAI-1 and vWF levels increased in the microalbuminuric patients (61.9±18.2 ng/ml, 126.8 (76.5–212.7) %) compared with the levels in the normoalbuminuric patients (45.4±16.3 ng/ml, 87.9 (84.2–114) %) (PAI-1, P<0.05; vWF, P>0.05) and in the healthy controls (33.6±10.6 ng/ml, 67.2 (61.5–75.4) %, both P<0.01). In addition, the partial correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between GDR and endothelium-dependent vasodilation ( r=0.465, P<0.01, n=36), and a negative correlation between GDR and plasma FFA levels ( P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with type 2 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria, patients with microalbuminuria had more severe insulin resistance, more prominent endothelial dysfunction, and higher plasma FFA, PAI-1, and vWF levels. Therefore we speculate that insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction may act within the metabolic syndrome to increase the cardiovasular risk in this subset of patients, and improving insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction may reduce the morbidity and mortality from macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes patients.