Insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in infancy predict differential gains in body length and adiposity: the Cambridge Baby Growth Study

Abstract

Background:Formula milk–fed infants show faster rates of growth and weight gain than do breastfed infants, and they have higher concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Objective:Our objective was to determine the influence of IGF-I concentrations on gains in weight, length, body mass index (BMI), and adiposity in the first year of life. Design:IGF-I concentrations were measured in 953 capillary blood samples from 675 unselected infants at ages 3 and 12 mo. These infants were born between 2002 and 2008 in one center and were participating in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort. Weight, length, and 4 skinfold thicknesses as an indicator of adiposity were measured at ages 0, 3, and 12 mo. Analyses were adjusted for age and sex. Results:Infants who were formula milk–fed had higher IGF-I concentrations at 3 mo, and they showed greater gains in weight, length, BMI, and adiposity between age 3 and 12 mo. IGF-I concentrations at 3 mo were unrelated to subsequent overall weight gain (P = 0.5). However, higher IGF-I concentrations at age 3 mo predicted greater subsequent gains in body length (P < 0.001 andP = 0.007 in formula milk–fed and breastfed infants, respectively) and slower gains in BMI (P < 0.001 andP = 0.004, respectively) and adiposity (P = 0.03 andP = 0.003, respectively). Conclusions:Our findings support a key role for IGF-I in the partitioning of overall infant weight gain into statural growth compared with adiposity. In formula milk–fed infants, higher IGF-I concentrations may lead to faster gains in length; however, other mechanisms likely explain their faster gains in weight, BMI, and adiposity.