Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the principal mediator of growth hormone (GH), plays a crucial role in promoting cell growth and differentiation in childhood and continues to have an anabolic effect in adults. IGF-1 is part of a wide network of growth factors, receptors and binding proteins involved in mediating cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Bioavailability of IGF-1 is affected by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) which bind IGF-1 in circulation with an affinity equal to or greater than that of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). The six IGFBPs serve as carrier proteins and bind approximately 98% of all circulating IGF-1. Other proteins known to bind IGF-1 include ten IGFBP-related proteins (IGFBP-rPs), albeit with lower affinities than the IGFBPs. IGF-1 expression levels vary in a number of clinical conditions suggesting it has the potential to provide crucial information as to the state of an individual’s health. IGF-1 is also a popular doping agent in sport and has featured in many high-profile doping cases in recent years. However, the existence of IGFBPs significantly reduces the levels of immunoreactive IGF-1 in samples, requiring multiple pre-treatment steps that reduce reproducibility and complicates interpretation of IGF-1 assay results. Here we provide an overview of the IGF network of growth factors, their receptors and the entirety of the extended family of IGFBPs, IGFBP-rPs, E peptides as well as recombinant IGF-1 and their derivatives. We also discuss issues related to the detection and quantification of bioavailable IGF-1.
Highlights
Another set of mal degradation of Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2). This provides an indirect method of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulation by regurelated molecules that play a major role in the bioavailability of the IGFs are insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) lating the level(Figure of IGF-2 that is available to bind to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)
IGF-1 is down-regulated in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) but is up-regulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
IGF-1 elevation in adulthood may correlate with increased cancer risk, IGF-1 treatment can provide a therapeutic protection in sepsis
Summary
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a 70 amino-acid single chain peptide with a molecular weight of 7.6 kDa. Eb peptides enhance have functional roles that are independent of IGF-1 receptor activation, including effects theand uptake of IGF-1 into cellsetor the release of IGF-1 from IGFBPs and its binding on proliferation cell migration. The IGF-1 Ec peptide, known as mechano-growth factor (MGF), is up-regulated tributes to the actions of IGF-1 to improve cardiac function and activate resident stem cell in exercised and damaged muscles, plays a neuroprotective role against ischemia and conpopulations [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Administration of synthetic peptides toserine/threonine-specific phosphorprotein kinase (Akt), IGF-1 and insulin receptor-independent cell growth [16] and produces ylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1 and ERK2), serine/threonine-spemitogenic effect on human cell lines [17,18]. Cific protein kinase (Akt), IGF-1 and insulin receptor-independent cell growth [16] and produces mitogenic effect on human cell lines [17,18]
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