Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs of systemic, pulmonary and/or low output congestion. It is a very common entity, whose incidence is increasing, and has poor prognosis. The etiology includes cardiac and extracardiac causes. Diagnostic keys are history and clinical examination, natriuretic peptide determination and echocardiogram. The measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction is essential, because it defines groups with different etiopathogenesis, management and prognosis. Several drugs and advices are available to delay death and to improve the quality of life in CHF with reduced LVEF. On the contrary, the evidences regarding the management of patients with conserved LVEF, usually elderly and with more comorbidity are scarce. The proper management of CHF requires the treatment of the CHF syndrome, research and treat its cause, if possible, and identify and treat adequately both trigger factors and comorbidities.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
