Insufficient Lycopene Intake Is Associated With High Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2010).

You Lu,Mirandy Li,Kun Zhang,Andrea Edwards,Tung-Sung Tseng,Zhong Chen,Gabrielle V Gonzalez

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.792572

Abstract

Although lycopene intake and risk of prostate cancer have been explored for decades, recent studies show that Non-Hispanic Black Prostate Cancer (PCa) patients benefit less than Non-Hispanic White patients from a lycopene intake intervention program. This study examined whether a lycopene intake-related racial disparity exists in reducing the risk of PCa in healthy adults. Data on healthy, cancer-free Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men (n = 159) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men (n = 478) from the 2003 to 2010 NHANES dataset were analyzed. Total lycopene intake from daily diet, age, living status, race/ethnicity, education level, poverty income ratio, body mass index, and smoking status were studied as independent variables. The combination of total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) level and the ratio of free PSA was set as criteria for evaluating the risk of PCa. Multivariable logistic regression was used in race-stratified analyses to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) comparing high PCa risk with low PCa risk. We found, in the whole population, race/ethnicity was the only factor that influenced lycopene intake from the daily diet. NHB men consumed less lycopene than NHW men (3,716 vs. 6,487 (mcg), p = 0.01). Sufficient lycopene intake could reduce the risk of PCa (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18–0.85, p = 0.02). Men aged between 66 and 70 had high PCa risk (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.12–9.85, p = 0.03). Obesity served as a protective factor against the high risk of PCa (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12–0.54, p = 0.001). NHW men aged between 66 and 70 had a high risk of PCa (OR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.02–15.73, p = 0.05). Obese NHW men also had lower risk of PCa (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07–0.47 p = 0.001). NHB men had a high risk of PCa compared to NHW men (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.35–3.81 p = 0.004). NHB men who were living without partners experienced an even higher risk of PCa (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.01–11.19 p = 0.07). Sufficient lycopene intake from daily food could serve as a protector against PCa. Such an association was only observed in NHW men. Further studies are needed to explore the dose-response relationship between lycopene intake and the association of PCa risk in NHB men.

Highlights

The association between lycopene and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) has been studied for over two decades [1]
Consistent with a previous study reporting that Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals usually consume less lycopene [28], we found that only 16.8% of NHB respondents had sufficient intake, compared to 29.4% of Non-Hispanic White (NHW) respondents
A racial disparity in lycopene intake associated with the risk of PCa was observed in this study

Summary

Introduction

The association between lycopene and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) has been studied for over two decades [1]. Inconsistent lycopene exposure and PCa outcomes have been observed in Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) PCa patients [10]. A recent study on dietary intake and TMPRSS2:ERG protein expression indicated that lycopene intake could lower the risk of death for ERG-fusion positive cases by 54%, but was not effective for ERG-fusion negative cases [11]. For the healthy, metabolic syndrome-free population, no significant racial differences in lycopene intake have been observed [15]. For this sake, it is necessary to explore the association between lycopene exposure and risk of PCa among NHB and NHW men

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Discussion

Conclusion