Abstract
Diabetic foot is the most frequent disorder among the chronic complications of diabetes, happening in 25% of patients. Objective clinical outcome measures are tests or clinical instruments that provide objective values for result measurement. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of specific objective clinical outcome measures focused on the assessment and monitoring of diabetic foot disorders. The databases used were PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro, Cochrane, SciELO and EMBASE. Search terms used were foot, ankle, diabet*, diabetic foot, assessment, tools, instruments, objective outcome measures, valid*, reliab*. Because of the current published evidence, diabetic neuropathy assessment via sudomotor analysis, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease detection by non-invasive electronic devices, wound 3D dimensional measurement, hyperspectral imaging for ulcer prediction and the probe-to-bone test for osteomyelitis diagnosis were highlighted in this study.
Highlights
Diabetes is one of the most common diseases and its incidence is growing fast, as seen by the exponential increase in global prevalence over the last 30 years [1]
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Summary
Diabetes is one of the most common diseases and its incidence is growing fast, as seen by the exponential increase in global prevalence over the last 30 years [1]. Diabetic foot is the most frequent condition among the chronic complications of diabetes, occurring in 25% of patients [4]. It is one of the most expensive [5], with 20–40% of resources used in diabetes destined for foot problems [6]. The most common risk factors are neuropathy (86% of cases), peripheral arterial disease (49% of cases), trauma and foot deformities [2]
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