Abstract
We reconcile the idealistic and Machiavellian views of leader effectiveness and thereby develop a more realistic theory based on the concepts of decoupling and context integrity. In particular, we propose that strategic leaders, especially effective ones, while usually following the prevailing leadership norms in appearance at least (i.e., displaying positive leadership qualities), likely at least sometimes deviate in actuality (i.e., engaging in illegitimate behaviors)—that is, decoupling between the prevailing leadership norms and the actual leader behaviors. Furthermore, the extent of decoupling is relatively less in high-integrity contexts than in low-integrity contexts. The theory developed suggests a notion of institutionalized leadership, with profound implications for leadership research and practice.
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