Abstract
Instabilities are phase-transition-like phenomena occurring in systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium, when the physical behaviour changes discontinuously at a critical value of an external control parameter. A phase transition in an equilibrium system is usually characterized by a softening of a normal mode, leading to bifurcation into a new phase of broken symmetry, and similar phenomena can occur in a nonequilibrium system. However, in contrast to systems in thermodynamic equilibrium, where some time-independent state exists for any value of the control parameter, in nonequilibrium systems breaking of time translation symmetry can give rise to a bifurcation into time-dependent “dynamical structures”.
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