Insomnia disorder with objective short sleep duration (ISS) phenotype and cognitive performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

Insomnia disorder with objective short sleep duration (ISS) has been considered as a biologically severe subtype. The aim of this meta-analysis was to reveal the association of the ISS phenotype and cognitive performance. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies that observed an association of cognitive performance and insomnia with objective short sleep duration (ISS) phenotype. The "metafor" and "MAd" packages in R software (version 4.2.0) were used to calculate the unbiased standardized mean difference (Hedge's g), which was adjusted so that a negative value indicated worse cognitive performance. The pooled analysis with 1339 participants revealed that the ISS phenotype was associated with overall cognitive impairments (Hedges' g = - 0.56 [- 0.89, - 0.23]), as well as specific cognitive domains including attention (Hedges' g = - 0.86 [- 1.25, - 0.47]), memory (Hedges' g = - 0.47 [- 0.82, - 0.12]), and executive function (Hedges' g = - 0.39 [- 0.76, - 0.02]). However, cognitive performance was not significantly different between insomnia disorder with objective normal sleep duration (INS) and good sleepers (p > .05). Insomnia disorder with the ISS phenotype, but not the INS phenotype, was associated with cognitive impairments, suggesting the possible utility of treating the ISS phenotype to improve cognitive performance.