In-situ redox-active hybrid graphene platform for label-free electrochemical biosensor: Insights from electrodeposition and electroless deposition

Abstract

Label-free electrochemical biosensors are advantageous, over conventional bioassay techniques, offering rapid analytical response time, demands ultra-low sample volume, easy integration with modern gadgets useful for on-site utilities. However, achieving amplified sensitivity, reliability, and specificity without compromising inherent redox behavior is highly challenging. Indeed, developments in hybridized graphene nanostructure created new avenues for the construction of label-free electrochemical biosensor platforms. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the scalable fabrication demonstrated for hybridized graphene nanoarchitecture as label-free biosensor platform. Distinctly focused on electrodeposition and electroless deposition techniques utilized for the fabrication of hybridized graphene immuno-, nucleic acid- and enzyme-sensor platforms were discussed. Surface functionalization strategies investigated for anchoring bio-recognition elements on hybridized graphene materials were also presented, after introducing the fundamental properties. Lastly, we provide the advantages and drawbacks, highlighting the electrodeposited flexible hybrid graphene materials for future biosensor applications in point-of-care diagnosis.