Abstract
The authors have used controlled atmosphere electron microscopy in conjunction with flow reactor studies to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information on the influence of ruthenium on the gasification of graphite in hydrogen, oxygen, and steam. The observations indicate that ruthenium is one of the most catalytically active group VIII (groups 8-10) metals for the hydrogenation of graphite. Ruthenium exhibits an unusual activity pattern for the graphite-oxygen reaction which is associated with the existence of an oxide state at temperatures below 1000/sup 0/C and the metal at higher temperatures. In this regard it resembles iridium and rhodium, but differs from platinum and palladium, which remain in the metallic state throughout the gasification sequence. Ruthenium is found to be far superior to other group VIII (groups 8-10) metals as a steam gasification catalyst and does not show a tendency to deactivate at high temperatures like nickel or platinum.
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