Abstract
In 1680 an anonymous Polonus Borussus composed a treatise suggesting the equal status between the German imperial princes and the Polish-Lithuanian princely families in terms of their symbolism. Using it as a starting point, the article investigates the way in which these elites expressed their real power and political ambitions in a similar manner. By comparing the Electors of Brandenburg and the houses of RadziwiĆĆ, WisÂŽniowiecki and Sanguszko it shows that, first, Polonus Borussus did not exaggerate too much when he hinted at the âsymbolicâ equality of the German electors and the Polish-Lithuanian princes; and second, that these elites differed from each other in two aspects: the primary audiences of their symbolic practices (peers in the case of the German princes as opposed to the middling nobility, the antagonist of the Polish-Lithuanian princes) as well as the potential to exploit symbols (the âsymbolic audacityâ of the Polish-Lithuanian princes contrasting with the âconfirmativeâ use of the German princes).
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