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Abstract
The efficacy of NOx reduction in diesel engines is mainly dependent on how uniformly urea-water solutions (UWS) are dispersed onto the catalyst surface of the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. The urea-based SCR systems also suffer drawbacks due to the formation of urea deposits onto the walls of after-treatment devices due to poor atomization characteristics of UWS. In this work, the impact of lowering the surface tension of UWS on the morphology of UWS sprays was explored using high-speed shadowgraph imaging techniques. The surface tension of UWS was lowered by adding surfactants; two surfactants viz., Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Dodecyl-Dimethyl-Amine-oxide (DDA) were considered in this investigation. The surface tension of UWS was reduced to a maximum from 73.7 to 30.2 mN/m and 39.8 mN/m with the addition of DDA and SDS respectively at 75% of its respective Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) in UWS. Even at a very low-pressure difference of 500 mbar of co-flowing air, the surfactant-added UWS tends to break-up relatively closer to the nozzle tip due to flapping-induced bag breakup, which improved its drop-size distribution. Under a relatively higher pressure difference of 2000 mbar of co-flow atomizing air, the liquid breakup was mostly due to surface stripping in surfactant-added UWS sprays that generated a large number of fine droplets. The image analyses of sprays were performed at far downstream locations from the nozzle to quantify the variations of their droplet-sizes caused by varying the surface tension of UWS. The surfactants added UWS sprays revealed a considerably narrower drop-size distribution by up to 43% compared to UWS sprays under high-pressure conditions, and this was due to a combination of flapping-induced bag breakup, surface stripping and secondary atomization of big droplets caused by reducing the surface tension of UWS. Reducing the surface tension of UWS has the potential to improve NOx reduction in SCR systems due to the reduction in droplet sizes of UWS sprays and also to reduce the formation of urea deposits.
Highlights
The nature of fuel to energy conversion process in various combustion systems generate many harmful emissions including soot and nitric oxides (NOx)
The findings summarize that atomization characteristics in air-assisted urea-water solutions (UWS) sprays can be improved with the addition of the surfactants to UWS
An experimental study was undertaken to study the effect of addition of 390 surfactants in UWS on breakup morphology and atomization characteristics of air-assisted UWS sprays
Summary
The nature of fuel to energy conversion process in various combustion systems generate many harmful emissions including soot and nitric oxides (NOx). The abatement of NOx is effectively achieved by using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems (Guan et al, 2014; Birkhold et al, 2006) This method relies on the injection of urea water solution (UWS, 32.5% urea by weight) into the exhaust gases (Birkhold et al, 2006; Ebrahimian et al, 2012). Many efforts have been made to improve the performance of SCR systems to achieve 15 better NOx conversion efficiency and to minimize impingement of UWS droplets on the walls of the SCR systems. It is important to study atomization characteristics of UWS sprays to achieve improved NOx conversion efficiency with minimum wall impingement
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