Insights on biotic and abiotic 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by anaerobic iron-cycling bacteria.

Abstract

The use of the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been steadily increasing in recent years due to its selectivity against broad-leafed weeds and use on genetically modified crops resistant to 2,4-D. This increases the likelihood of 2,4-D persisting in agriculturally impacted soils, sediments, and aquatic systems. Aerobic microorganisms are capable of degrading 2,4-D enzymatically. Anaerobic degradation also occurs, though the enzymatic pathway is unclear. Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) have been hypothesized to augment anaerobic degradation through the production of a chemically reactive Fe(II) adsorbed to Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. To test whether this iron species can catalyze abiotic degradation of 2,4-D, an enrichment culture (BLA1) containing a photosynthetic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium (FeOB) "CandidatusChlorobium masyuteum" and the FeRB "CandidatusPseudopelobacter ferreus", both of which lacked known 2,4-D degradation genes was investigated. BLA1 produces Fe(II)-adsorbed to Fe(III) oxyhydroxides during alternating photoautotrophic iron oxidation and dark iron reduction (amended with acetate) cycles. No 2,4-D degradation occurred during iron oxidation byFeOB Ca.C. masyuteum or during iron reduction by FeRB Ca.P. ferreus under any incubation conditions tested (i.e., +/-Fe(II), +/-cells, and +/-light), or due to the presence of Fe(II) adsorbed to Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. Our results cast doubt on the hypothesis that the mineral-bound Fe(II) species augments the anaerobic degradation of 2,4-D in anoxic soils and waters by iron-cycling bacteria, and further justify the need to identify the genetic underpinnings of anaerobic 2,4-D degradation.