Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.
Highlights
Leishmaniosis is a protozoan disease that is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand-fly
And liver disease including macrophagic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and collagen deposition has been reported in cases of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) (Rallis et al 2005; Melo et al 2009), the principal cause of death attributed to CanL is severe renal damage (Solano-Gallego et al 2009), with glomerulonephritis resulting from immune complex deposition associated with an intense humoral response and high parasite loads (Costa et al 2003)
Adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis reported that IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-12p40 were downregulated, while IL-1-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were upregulated, expression levels did not correlate with parasite load (Melo et al 2013)
Summary
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. We summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite
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