Abstract
Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.
Highlights
African trypanosomiasis is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and continues to threaten human health and food security
Tourists visiting National Parks (NPs) and Game Management Areas (GMAs) have not been spared from risks of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) infections occurring through transmission from wildlife reservoir hosts [6]
Based on the analysis of publications included in this review (Table A1 in Appendix B), results indicate that various trypanosome species circulate within a wide and diverse host community in Zambia [4]
Summary
African trypanosomiasis is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and continues to threaten human health and food security. Increase in human population density and the changing climate, rainfall patterns, have forced people (and their livestock) to migrate into these GMAs in search of fertile land for farming Such uncontrolled migration of people into protected areas has brought about changes in land use patterns that threaten to alter tsetse habitat quality and patterns of African trypanosomiasis transmission due to increased tsetse–human and tsetse–livestock contacts [4,5,6]. Some tour operators have taken it upon themselves to undertake some interventions, in the form of tsetse control, aimed at reducing the risk of HAT infection among tourists visiting their facilities Such limited interventions produce very limited levels of effectiveness or success, considering that such interventions need to cover considerable large proportions of the affected areas and as such require the collective input of many key stakeholders [9]
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