Insights into the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed regions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments

Abstract

• Corrosion products on different regions of C1045 bolt are characterized for the first time. • Differential aeration/concentration effects induced heterogeneity in the corrosion products. • Reactive phases, γ-FeOOH and β-FeOOH dominated at the exposed and contact region, respectively. • Magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 was detected in both regions under low oxygen conditions. • Due to the low amount of α-FeOOH, the rusts in both regions lack stability and protectiveness. This study investigated the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed regions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners used in structures exposed to aqueous chloride environments. The corroded surface morphology, rust compositions, and corrosion kinetics of the bolt specimen were studied by visual observation, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), micro-Raman, electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Results obtained showed a variation in corrosion kinetics, morphology, and composition of the rust layer which were driven by differential aeration and concentration effects. Due to the availability of sufficient dissolved oxygen, the oxyhydroxide compound, lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was detected in the outer rust layer in the exposed region, whereas the inner rust layer was composed of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). However, the oxygen-deficient contact surface revealed the presence of akaganeite (β-FeOOH) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as dominant oxide phases. The most stable phase, goethite (α-FeOOH) was also detected in the rust formed in both regions, though in significantly low amounts. Furthermore, owing to variation in environmental conditions, the amount and density of the rust layer varied in the different regions. The estimated corrosion stability values for the different regions revealed that the corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces were non-protective, suggesting the need for specific surface treatment as a protective measure.