Insights into Stereoselective Aminomethylation Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehyde with N,O-Acetal via N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Brønsted Acid/Base Cooperative Organocatalysis.

Abstract

A theoretical investigation has been performed to interrogate the mechanism and stereoselectivities of aminomethylation reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with N,O-acetal, which is initiated by N-heterocyclic carbene and Brønsted acid (BA). The calculated results disclose that the reaction contains several steps, i.e., formation of the actual catalysts NHC and Brønsted acid Et3N·H(+) coupled with activation of C-O bond of N,O-acetal, nucleophilic attack of NHC on α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, formation of Breslow intermediate, β-protonation for the formation of enolate intermediate, nucleophilic addition on the Re/Si face to enolate by the activated iminium cation, esterification coupled with regeneration of Et3N·H(+), and dissociation of NHC from product. Addition on the prochiral face of enolate should be the stereocontrolling step, in which the chiral α-carbon is formed. Furthermore, NBO, GRI, and FMO analyses have been performed to explore the roles of catalysts and origin of stereoselectivity. Surprisingly, the added Brønsted base (BB) Et3N plays an indispensable role in the esterification process, indicating the reaction proceeds under NHC-BA/BB multicatalysis rather than NHC-BA dual catalysis proposed in the experiment. This theoretical work provides a case on the exploration of the special roles of the multicatalysts in NHC chemistry, which is valuable for rational design on new cooperative organocatalysis.