Abstract
Since its discovery in 1891, the pneumococcus has been one of the most extensively studied microbes, and was involved in several historical findings such as the discovery of genetic material that was later shown to be DNA. The pneumococcus is part of the normal bacterial flora of the nasopharynx, but can on occasions progress to sterile sites of the body and cause invasive diseases. There are about one million new invasive pneumococcal infections every year, majority of which occur in the developing world where children
Highlights
The pneumococcus is part of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract, and is associated with several invasive diseases including meningitis, pneumonia and septicaemia
The annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease is about one million [1] [2], and the public health burden related to Streptococcus pneumoniae is heightened by the increasing resistance of the organism to essential antimicrobial drugs, penicillin, cephalosporins and macrolides
The findings of this study show that recombination is a major factor driving pneumococcal antibiotic resistance which is not surprising as pneumococcal evolution is dominated by recombination
Summary
The pneumococcus is part of the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract, and is associated with several invasive diseases including meningitis, pneumonia and septicaemia. The annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease is about one million [1] [2], and the public health burden related to Streptococcus pneumoniae is heightened by the increasing resistance of the organism to essential antimicrobial drugs, penicillin, cephalosporins and macrolides (http://spneumoniae.mlst.net/). This review paper aims to provide insights into pneumococcal pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance. The two strains have similar genome sizes, gene populations and GC contents Both genomes display a high density of repeat elements including insertion, BOX, and RUPS that contribute to genomic plasticity [19] [21]. Both TIGR4 and R6 strains display several types of surface proteins and signal peptides appear to be the most abundant. This explains why TIGR4 is encapsulated while R6 is unencapsulated and is avirulent
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