Insight into the cilia motion of electrically conducting Cu-blood nanofluid through a uniform curved channel when entropy generation is significant

Abstract

The energy loss during the beating cilia phenomenon in the human stomach causing acidity in the blood flow under certain conditions has been a serious topic in the modern medical field. In the current study, authors have focused the entropy generation effects and irreversibility comparison on the flow of cilia generated metachronal waves of Cu-blood nanofluid through a curved channel by considering the effects of viscous dissipation and externally applied magnetic field. Due to the complex nature of the stream regime, curvilinear coordinates system is taken into consideration to present the constitutive expressions for bi-dimensional flow. Due to metachronal waves generated due to row wise beating cilia, authors have employed the constraints like large wave number so that the uniform pressure can be assumed over the cross section and the low Reynolds number to neglect the inertial forces. Unsteady flow of the problem producing partial differential equations is made steady by transforming it from a fixed frame to the wave frame of reference which finally provides the system of coupled ordinary differential equations along with cilia oriented non-homogeneous boundary conditions. This system has been solved analytically by incorporating a perturbation technique (HPM) to get the expressions for velocity, stream functions, pressure gradient and thermal profile. In the whole analysis, key findings are: The magnetic field reduces the flow speed in left side of the channel but increases the temperature of the system in the whole region. Entropy of the system can be reduced by diminishing the magnetic field effects and viscous dissipation, also the magnetic field is affecting the flow in the sense of contracting the bolus size. It is concluded that entropy due to thermal transfer is less than that of the whole system. More studies on the topic can be developed by considering the microorganism effects in three dimensional geometries with cilia at the boundaries.