Insight into real-world complexities is required to enable effective response from the aquaculture sector to climate change

Lynne Falconer,Angus Garrett,Solfrid Sætre Hjøllo,Eirik Mikkelsen,Trevor C Telfer,Øystein Hermansen,Bruce J Mcadam,Elisabeth Ytteborg,Johanna Johnson

doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000017

Abstract

This study demonstrates how a comprehensive knowledge base can be used by the aquaculture industry, researchers, and policymakers as a foundation for more targeted and detailed climate change impact analysis, risk assessments and adaptation planning. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) production in Norway was used as a case study and to illustrate the need to consider impacts from multiple stressors across different production stages and the wider supply chain. Based on literature searches and industry news, a total of 45 impacts and 101 adaptation responses were identified. Almost all impacts were linked to multiple climate stressors, and many adaptation responses can be used for a range of impacts. Based on the research, a move towards more targeted and detailed assessments is recommended. This can be facilitated through a strong knowledge base, further research to address complexities, and better communication between all stakeholders. The results also demonstrate the need for more climate change research that reflects the challenges that the aquaculture sector faces, where multiple stressors and the range of impacts across production stages and the wider supply chain are included. Highlighting the wide range of stressors, impacts and adaptation responses provides a more holistic understanding of the real-world complexities that aquaculture producers face. This again could facilitate adoption of more effective responses to climate change needed to maintain or increase production sustainably.

Highlights

Human activities and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have led to unprecedented rates of climate change [1,2]
The purpose of the present study was not to undertake a risk assessment or establish risk scores, the report prepared by Seafish rather provided a basis for how to present complex information on multiple climate stressors, impacts, and adaptation responses
The analysis focused on development of responses but did not consider the costs of implementing the adaptation response, as this will depend on several factors and is likely to vary between areas and companies

Summary

Introduction

Human activities and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have led to unprecedented rates of climate change [1,2]. Impacts have been reported in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, at all scales, from individual organisms to communities [3]. Observed changes in climate stressors include increased air and sea temperatures, rising sea level, more frequent extreme weather events, and changes in rainfall [1,2]. Continued emissions will result in further atmospheric and oceanic warming, with long-term changes to the climate system, which will exacerbate existing risks and create new challenges for all life on earth [1].

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