Abstract
Recent developments in the transformation of biobased 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into a potential liquid fuel, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), are summarised. This review focuses briefly on the history of HMF conversion to DMF in terms of the feedstock used and emphasises the ideal requirements in terms of the catalytic properties needed in HMF transformation into DMF. The recent state of the art and works on HMF transformation into DMF are discussed in comparison to noble metals and non-noble metals as well as bimetallic catalysts. The effect of the support used and the reaction conditions are also discussed. The recommendations for future work and challenges faced are specified.
Highlights
The growth in the demand for fossil feedstocks as the main source of chemicals and energy, together with their fast depletion, has increased the need for the development of a new and sustainable source of energy and platform chemicals
Apart from the different types of metal, it was observed that reaction conditions, namely the type of solvent, H2 donor, reaction temperature, reaction time and H2 pressure, play an important role in influencing the HMF conversion and DMF
Selective hydrogenation of HMF to DMF has been extensively explored by many researchers, and some of them were able to achieve high conversion as well as a high yield of DMF under certain reaction conditions
Summary
The growth in the demand for fossil feedstocks as the main source of chemicals and energy, together with their fast depletion, has increased the need for the development of a new and sustainable source of energy and platform chemicals. Owing to the different properties of each lignocellulose component, each one requires a different treatment or method of depolymerisation into its monomeric units, which, in turn, can be converted via fermentation or chemical routes to platform chemicals that can be used to produce fine chemicals, bio-derived monomers or fuels [6] Examples of such platform chemicals are d-glucose (from the depolymerisation of cellulose); 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF; from the dehydration of d-fructose), from which 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 2,5furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and levulinic acid (LA) are originated; and furfural (from the dehydration of C5 sugars) [7]. It reduces the boiling point and reaches the lowest water solubility and research octane number (RON) of monooxygenated C6 compounds, which are suitable for liquid fuels [13]. The third option is the removal of water by the dehydration of carbohydrates into a variety of interesting compounds, especially furans and levulinic acid [13]
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