Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 causes a devastating disease in poultry but when it accidentally infects humans it can cause death. Therefore, decrease the incidence of H5N1 in humans needs to focus on prevention and control of poultry infections. Conventional control strategies in poultry based on surveillance, stamping out, movement restriction and enforcement of biosecurity measures did not prevent the virus spreading, particularly in developing countries. Several challenges limit efficiency of the vaccines to prevent outbreaks of HPAIV H5N1 in endemic countries. Alternative and complementary approaches to reduce the current burden of H5N1 epidemics in poultry should be encouraged. The use of antiviral chemotherapy and natural compounds, avian-cytokines, RNA interference, genetic breeding and/or development of transgenic poultry warrant further evaluation as integrated intervention strategies for control of HPAIV H5N1 in poultry.
Highlights
Influenza A virus, the only orthomyxovirus known to infect birds, are negative-sense, single-stranded, enveloped viruses contain genomes composed of eight separate ribonucleic acid (RNA) segments encode for at least 11 viral proteins
This review aims to give an insight into possible alternative approaches for control of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in poultry against the HPAI H5N1 subtype
Dual use of Lactobacillus spp. or Lactococcus lactis as a vector for vaccine production and immunomodulation bacteria has been successfully constructed and protected mice against highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) H5N1 [159,160], such experiments should be evaluated in poultry
Summary
Influenza A virus, the only orthomyxovirus known to infect birds, are negative-sense, single-stranded, enveloped viruses contain genomes composed of eight separate ribonucleic acid (RNA) segments encode for at least 11 viral proteins. The 17 HA and 10 NA subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified according to their pathogenicity for poultry into low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) result in mild or asymptomatic infections and highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) causing up to 100% morbidity and mortality [2,3]. Measures to control the virus in domestic poultry are the first step to decrease risks of human infections [9,10]. (4) Immune pressure induced by vaccination on the circulating virus increases the evolution rate of the virus and accelerates the viral antigenic drift to evade the host-immune response [20,21,22,23,24]. This review aims to give an insight into possible alternative approaches for control of AIV in poultry against the HPAI H5N1 subtype
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