Inside Job: Alzheimer's protein kills neurons from within (Alzheimer's disease)

Abstract

In the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the spaces between neurons display one of the affliction's hallmark pathologies. There, senile plaques accumulate and perhaps trigger the decline in mental function that characterizes AD. But the protein that makes up these plaques can also kill neurons from the inside, according to new research. Considerable work needs to be done before the study's results can be extended from cell culture to humans, but the results hint that the dastardly protein could set AD in motion from within brain cells. Clumps of the so-called β-amyloid protein that build up amid damaged neurons are one of the defining characteristics of AD (see "Detangling Alzheimer's Disease" and Honig Case Study ). These aggregations might kill neurons and lead to dementia, suggest some researchers, perhaps by instigating a destructive immune response or by initiating cell suicide mechanisms. But the nature of the link between plaques and AD hasn't been firmly established. Some studies suggest that β amyloid accumulates within neuronal cells even before amyloid plaques appear outside, which led Zhang and colleagues to wonder whether β amyloid might stir up trouble from the inside. To find out, the group injected β amyloid into neurons that had been removed from human brains and then measured their survival in culture. Neurons infused with a benign version of β amyloid, called Aβ40, or with control proteins sustained no ill effects. Cells that were shot up with the plaque-forming Aβ42, however, suffered grievously: 1500 protein molecules per cell killed half the cells--and neurons in the brains of people with AD can harbor far more than 1500 Aβ42 molecules, the authors estimate. Additional experiments suggest that Aβ42 inside the cell activates a well-studied cell death pathway. When the researchers delivered Aβ42 together with molecules that block the function of a cell death-inducing protein called Bax, neurons no longer died at the hand of Aβ42. A second protein, p53, that activates Bax is also implicated: Neurons that carry a mutation in p53 that obliterates its capacity to turn on Bax production similarly withstood the Aβ42 assault. Together the results suggest that Aβ42 kills cells from the inside by activating a cell death signaling pathway that includes p53 and Bax. The experiments clearly show that Aβ42 is toxic to cultured neurons, says neurologist David Holtzman of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. But the researchers injected Aβ42 into the cytoplasm--the space inside a cell but outside the nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments--and Holtzman says he doubts whether Aβ42 accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurons in the brain. Normally, cells manufacture and export Aβ without exposing it to the cytoplasm. Structural biologist Peter Lansbury of Harvard Medical School in Boston suggests, however, that it might not take much cytoplasmic Aβ42 to wreak havoc in the brain. "It's very possible that most of Aβ ends up in extracellular plaques but that the stuff that's causing Alzheimer's disease is the 1% that doesn't," says Lansbury. Sometimes just a few well-placed individuals are all it takes to provoke disaster. --R. John Davenport Y. Zhang, R. McLaughlin, C. Goodyer, A. LeBlanc, Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid β peptide 1-42 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons. J. Cell Biol. 156 , 519-529 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]