Abstract
Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces issues of insertion losses and size due to the complexity. To address these issues, a dual-layer substrate is connected through the via, and the hybrids are arranged side by side. The dual-layer structure circumvents the crossover elements, while the strip line, hybrids, and via-hole are carefully designed on each BM element. The internal design of BM features a compact size and low-profile structure, with dimensions of 23.26 mm × 28.92 mm (2.17 λ0 × 2.69 λ0), which is ideally suited for the 5G mmWave communication system. The designed BM measured results show return losses, Sii and Sjj, of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz.
Highlights
The growing demand for connectivity at high frequency bands is driving the expansion of millimeter wave radio frequency (RF) research for 5G technology
Compared with the previous generation’s 4G long term evolution (LTE) networks, 5G enables an increase in the peak data rate and allows for reduced power consumption, whilst allowing for a 1 milli second roundtrip latency in real-time applications [1,2]
The results show the thickness, T, and the circular slot diameter, Ds, variation affect the value of the via-hole circular slot diameter, Ds, variation affect the value of the via-hole capacitance
Summary
The growing demand for connectivity at high frequency bands is driving the expansion of millimeter wave (mmWave) radio frequency (RF) research for 5G technology. As compared to the mmWave, it should be critically designed by controlling the inter-connection and inter-coupling among the BM elements, since, in the mmWave, the high path loss arises quadratically with the frequency (path loss ∝ f2 ). The novelty of the BM is from the via structure with a circular slot viahole to connect the dual-layer substrate which provides minimum transmission amplitude, since the crossover is circumvented. The via-hole pin diameter and the slot diameter of the via-hole are used to control the coupling and the phase transition of the signal, where this enables the BM to minimize the imbalance on amplitude and phase. The analysis of the extension of strip line used is performed and provides the return losses, Sii and Sjj , of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz
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