Abstract
BackgroundUrban malaria is an increasing concern in most of the sub-Saharan Africa countries. In Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, the malaria epidemiology has been complicated by recurrent flooding since 2005. The main vector control measure for malaria prevention in Dakar is the community use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets. However, the increase of insecticide resistance reported in this area needs to be better understood for suitable resistance management. This study reports the situation of insecticide resistance and underlying mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis populations from Dakar and its suburbs.ResultsAll the populations tested showed resistance to almost all insecticides except organophosphates families, which remain the only lethal molecules. Piperonil butoxide (PBO) and ethacrinic acid (EA) the two synergists used, have respectively and significantly restored the susceptibility to DDT and permethrin of Anopheles population. Molecular identification of specimens revealed the presence of An. arabiensis only. Kdr genotyping showed the presence of the L1014F mutation (kdr-West) as well as L1014S (kdr-East). This L1014S mutation was found at very high frequencies (89.53%) in almost all districts surveyed, and in association with the L1014F (10.24%).ConclusionResults showed the contribution of both target-site and metabolic mechanisms in conferring pyrethroid resistance to An. arabiensis from the flooded areas of Dakar suburbs. These data, although preliminary, stress the need for close monitoring of the urban An. arabiensis populations for a suitable insecticide resistance management system to preserve core insecticide-based vector control tools in this flooded area.
Highlights
Urban malaria is an increasing concern in most of the sub-Saharan Africa countries
Across the sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of the population at risk sleeping under an insecticide-treated net or protected by indoor residual spraying (IRS) increased from 37% in 2010 to 57% in 2015 [7]
The spread of the resistance to the main insecticide classes approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in public health threatens the success of the pre-elimination and elimination programmes in Senegal [8]
Summary
Urban malaria is an increasing concern in most of the sub-Saharan Africa countries. In Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, the malaria epidemiology has been complicated by recurrent flooding since 2005. In Senegal, as part of the malaria control effort with the U.S President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), the IRS programme has been introduced scaled-up in different eco-epidemiological areas of the country [8, 9] High reliance on these insecticide-based interventions has subjected the targeted vectors populations to an increasing insecticide pressure for the selection of the resistance phenotypes. The spread of the resistance to the main insecticide classes approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in public health threatens the success of the pre-elimination and elimination programmes in Senegal [8] In areas such as the western coastal areas, where the impact of climate change is most felt, the conjunction of climate hazards and insecticide resistance will increase the risk and the heterogeneity of malaria epidemiology [10]. Monitoring insecticide resistance in the main urban malaria vector, An. arabiensis, is essential for planning and implementing an effective vector control programme in this area
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