Abstract
Fitness-related costs of evolving insecticide resistance have been reported in a number of insect species, but the interplay between evolutionary adaptation to insecticide pressure and variable environmental conditions has received little attention. We provisioned nymphs from three German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) populations, which differed in insecticide resistance, with either nutritionally rich or poor (diluted) diet throughout their development. One population was an insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain; the other two populations originated from a field-collected indoxacarb-resistant population, which upon collection was maintained either with or without further selection with indoxacarb. We then measured development time, survival to the adult stage, adult body size, and results of a challenge with indoxacarb. Our results show that indoxacarb resistance and poor nutritional condition increased development time and lowered adult body size, with reinforcing interactions. We also found lower survival to the adult stage in the indoxacarb-selected population, which was exacerbated by poor nutrition. In addition, nutrition imparted a highly significant effect on indoxacarb susceptibility. This study exemplifies how poor nutritional condition can aggravate the life-history costs of resistance and elevate the detrimental effects of insecticide exposure, demonstrating how environmental conditions and resistance may interactively impact individual fitness and insecticide efficacy.
Highlights
That presumably break down the active components[39,40,41,42], and sodium channel mutations that reduce target sensitivity to indoxacarb metabolites[39,43,44]
We found a significant interaction between population and diet on development time (Table 1), indicating that development was further prolonged by poor nutrition in the indoxacarb-selected population and that rich nutrition had a larger positive effect on development rate in the fully susceptible population compared to the moderately resistant population (Fig. 2a,b)
We found interactive, reinforcing costs of evolving indoxacarb resistance and undergoing development under poor nutritional condition on individual life-history traits–time to reach the adult stage and adult body size–in German cockroach populations (Table 1, Fig. 2)
Summary
That presumably break down the active components[39,40,41,42], and sodium channel mutations that reduce target sensitivity to indoxacarb metabolites[39,43,44]. Life-history costs of evolving indoxacarb resistance have been reported only in moths[6,45] and a homopteran[15]. We compared performance parameters among three German cockroach populations with different levels of indoxacarb resistance raised under rich and poor nutritional conditions. We investigated survival of moderately resistant cockroaches exposed to indoxacarb after completing development on either diet. We hypothesized that the cost of adaptation to the insecticide would be more evident under poor nutritional conditions, and that insecticide resistance and poor nutrition would interactively elevate fitness costs. We hypothesized that nutritional condition alone would significantly affect the susceptibility of cockroaches to the insecticide
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