Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica L., are important pests of dairy operations worldwide, with the ability to adapt wide range of environmental conditions. There are a number of insecticides used for their management, but development of resistance is a serious problem. Insecticide mixtures could enhance the toxicity of insecticides in resistant insect pests, thus resulting as a potential resistance management tool. The toxicity of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin benzoate and fipronil were assessed separately, and in mixtures against house flies. A field-collected population was significantly resistant to all the insecticides under investigation when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Most of the insecticide mixtures like one pyrethroid with other compounds evaluated under two conditions (1∶1-“A” and LC50: LC50-“B”) significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids in the field population. Under both conditions, the combination indices of pyrethroids with other compounds, in most of the cases, were significantly below 1, suggesting synergism. The enzyme inhibitors, PBO and DEF, when used in combination with insecticides against the resistant population, toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and emamectin were significantly increased, suggesting esterase and monooxygenase based resistance mechanism. The toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the resistant population of house flies could be enhanced by the combination with chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin and fipronil. The findings of the present study might have practical significance for resistance management in house flies.
Highlights
The house fly, Musca domestica L., has been considered as one of the major pests of dairies and public health with a potential role in disease transmission, nuisance to animals and humans, and have the ability to disperse off-farm areas [1]
Pyrethroid or carbamate insecticides have been found very effective in enhancing the toxicity of insecticides in different resistant insect pests worldwide like Bemisia tabaci [3], Culex quinquefasciatus [4], Helicoverpa armigera [5,6], Musca domestica [7] and Spodoptera litura [8]
The toxicities of pyrethroids/non-pyrethroids were significantly higher at the LC50: LC50 ratio than the combinations mixed at the 1:1 ratio, except the toxicities of following combinations: cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin/profenofos (Table 1)
Summary
The house fly, Musca domestica L., has been considered as one of the major pests of dairies and public health with a potential role in disease transmission, nuisance to animals and humans, and have the ability to disperse off-farm areas [1]. Pyrethroid or carbamate insecticides have been found very effective in enhancing the toxicity of insecticides in different resistant insect pests worldwide like Bemisia tabaci [3], Culex quinquefasciatus [4], Helicoverpa armigera [5,6], Musca domestica [7] and Spodoptera litura [8]. This type of potentiation or synergism is explained by the inhibition of esterases [9,10] or monooxygenases activity [6]. Alternative strategies like mosaics or rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action should be included in resistance management programs [12]
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