Abstract
Aphis craccivora Koch is a polyphagous and major pest of leguminous crops causing significant damage by reducing the yield. Repeated application of synthetic insecticides for the control of aphids has led to development of resistance. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen the insecticidal activity of root/stem extracts/fractions, and pure molecules from Cissampelos pareira Linnaeus against A. craccivora for identification of lead(s). Among root extract/fractions, the n-hexane fraction was found most effective (LC50 = 1828.19 mg/L) against A. craccivora, followed by parent extract (LC50 = 2211.54 mg/L). Among stem extract/fractions, the n-hexane fraction (LC50 = 1246.92 mg/L) was more effective than the water and n-butanol fractions. Based on GC and GC-MS analysis, among different compounds identified in the n-hexane fraction of root and stem, ethyl palmitate (known to possess insecticidal activity) was present in the highest concentration (24.94 to 52.95%) in both the fractions. Among pure molecules, pareirarineformate was found most effective (LC50 = 1491.93 mg/L) against A. craccivora, followed by cissamine (LC50 = 1556.31 mg/L). Parent extract and fractions of C. pareira possess promising activity against aphid. Further, field bio-efficacy studies are necessary to validate the current findings for the development of botanical formulation.
Highlights
Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most common polyphagous pest [1] reported in 50 host plants (19 families) and is considered as global threat of leguminous plants [2,3]
Due to less availability of biopesticides, farmers/growers often spray synthetic insecticides to control aphids [12,13], and other insecticides, which led to the development of insect resistance [14,15], and are harmful to the environment, non-target insects, and human health [16]
The chemical structures of isolated molecules were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), HRESI-MS, and by comparison with those reported in the literature [33,34]
Summary
Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most common polyphagous pest [1] reported in 50 host plants (19 families) and is considered as global threat of leguminous plants [2,3]. The aphid transmits plant viruses [4,5] and affects the yield [6]. A. craccivora secrete honeydew on the plants, which serves as a medium for the growth of sooty mold, there by leaves became black and affect photosynthesis [7] and reported significant reduction in the seed yield to the extent of 12.8 to 61.1% [8]. The plant extracts and their formulations are normally less harmful to the environment, have low cost, and are less persistent, and safer to natural enemies and humans, and biodegradable than synthetic insecticides [9,10]. Due to less availability of biopesticides, farmers/growers often spray synthetic insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, diafenthiuron, chlorfenapyr, spiromesifen, and dimethoate) to control aphids [12,13], and other insecticides, which led to the development of insect resistance [14,15], and are harmful to the environment, non-target insects, and human health [16]
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