Abstract
Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) microphones inspired by the remarkable phonotactic capability of Ormia ochracea offer the promise of microscale directional microphones with a greatly reduced need for post-processing of signals. Gravid O. ochracea females can locate their host cricket's 5 kHz mating calls to an accuracy of less than 2° despite having a distance of approximately 500 μm between the ears. MEMS devices base on the principles of operation of O. ochracea's hearing system have been well studied, however commercial implementation has proven challenging due to the system's reliance on carefully tailored ratios of stiffness and damping, which are difficult to realize in standard MEMS fabrication processes, necessitating a trade-off between wide-band operation and sensitivity. A survey of the variety of strategies that have been followed to address these inherent challenges is presented.
Highlights
The traditional method of sound source localization is to build a microphone array which combines at least two independent omnidirectional microphones [1]
Relying on different design concepts, such microphones can be made more complex in order to achieve higher mechanical sensitivity, or be simplified to decrease difficulties in fabrication
Designs can be divided into various groups, including first-order see-saw model and clamped diaphragms models, and second-order models
Summary
The traditional method of sound source localization is to build a microphone array which combines at least two independent omnidirectional microphones [1]. Despite the extremely small distance that gives the original maximum ITD and IID as approximately 1.5 ms and 1 dB [12], respectively, experimental investigations show that it can localize the mating call with a resolution less than 2 [13]. This high accuracy is attributed to the mechanical coupling structure of Ormia’s ear, as shown in Figure 1(a) and (b), which enhances both ITD and IID by up to 40 times greater than the original values at 5 kHz [14]. Three transduction methods have been attempted by Miles et al, paralleled-plate capacitive sensing [20,36], optical sensing [31,37,38], and comb-finger capacitive sensing www.sciencedirect.com
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