Abstract
Simple SummaryIn this study, we show and identify new plant and insect remains found in travertine deposits from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of the Aguilar Formation (Palencia, North Spain). From this hot-spring palaeoenvironment, we have identified the presence of dragonflies of the families Cymatophlebiidae and Aktassiidae, representing the first report of these families for the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, we find a flora dominated by Bennettitales and the presence of ferns that differ from other floras of the same age and geographical area. The unusual environmental and palaeoecological conditions of this hot-spring environment are also discussed, suggesting that this niche was an “ecological oasis” for some plants and insects.Hydrothermal palaeoenvironments are very uncommon in Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits worldwide. We present new plant and insect remains from travertines formed during the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in northern Spain (Aguilar Fm., Palencia province). A total of 136 plant specimens and three insect wings were collected and studied. This entomofauna consists of dragonfly (Odonata) wings including Cymatophlebiidae and an undetermined new genus and species of Aktassiidae, representing the first report of these families for the Iberian Peninsula. The fossil flora shows different morphotypes of plants, which have been tentatively assigned to three different genera. The taphocoenosis of the flora was dominated by Bennettitales (98.5%) including cf. Pterophyllum sp., Ptilophyllum cf. acutifolium, Ptilophyllum cf. pecten, Ptilophyllum cf. pectiniformis and cf. Ptilophyllum sp., and the occasional presence of ferns (1.5%) represented by the taxon Cladophlebis cf. denticulata. The presence of the Anisoptera Cymatophlebia cf. longialata suggests a higher affinity for a Tithonian age of the studied site, and the anatomy and palaeogeographical distribution of this species suggest capacity to migrate for rather long distances. The floristic composition of the site differs remarkably from other Tithonian-Berriasian floras of the Iberian Peninsula. The presence of Odonata and the distinctive flora in (semi)arid conditions could be due to the hot-spring providing an environmental niche with constant conditions of warmth and humidity forming an ‘ecological oasis’.
Highlights
Plants and insects are two of the most important ecological groups in continental ecosystems
We have presented a new plant-insect assemblage from a Tithonian-Berriasian travertine site
Insect remains consist of wings of Odonata and represent the first record for the families Cymatophlebiidae and Aktassiidae for the Iberian Peninsula
Summary
Plants and insects are two of the most important ecological groups in continental ecosystems. They represent more than 80% of the biodiversity and biomass of the planet [1–5]. The evolutionary co-association between these two groups has been widely studied in modern and ancient ecosystems. Hot springs represent unique ecosystems with distinctive plant, animal, fungal, and bacterial communities [6–8] due to the stable temperature and the chemical composition, unusual pH values and concentrations of solids [9–11]. Hydrothermal sites could represent an environmental refuge for animals and plants with constant temperature and humidity needs [8,12–14]. Some insects such as different species of dragonflies and damselflies are known to establish local populations in warm springs [8,15,16]
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