Abstract
Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.
Highlights
Transportation-related emissions, which are among the most influential phenomena affecting people’s health in many large cities, can be categorized into various classes according to their sources
Particle instruments based on different measurement techniques are available, such as fast mobility particle sizers (FMPSs), optical particle sizers (OPSs), differential mobility spectrometers (DMSs), the Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI+), micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs), electrical aerosol analyzers, aerodynamic particle sizers (APSs), the Dekati Low Pressure Impactor (DLPI), and image analysis
Despite all the advantages of using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) approach at the macro-scale, at present, it cannot be effectively used for the simulation of the plateau dynamics and tribofilm creation
Summary
Transportation-related emissions, which are among the most influential phenomena affecting people’s health in many large cities, can be categorized into various classes according to their sources. Simulation of a braking system is a fruitful tool that can help scholars compensate for the conditions that cannot be incorporated in lab or field experiments The goals of these simulation-based methods are to analyze the phenomena that happen in the sliding contact during braking, to propose an estimation of the brake wear and temperature during brake operation, and to predict the effects of design changes in details. Previous studies focusing on emissions produced by the brake system can be divided into three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level Those dealing with the features of braking system components in a laboratory environment were categorized in the subsystem level whereas the studies in which all the data collection and the investigation of brake wear particles were implemented on-road or in the laboratory environment by using real cars, chassis, or brake wear tracers were categorized in the system level.
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