In‐plane velocity encoding with coherent steady‐state imaging

Abstract

Standard phase-contrast flow quantification (PC-FQ) using radiofrequency (RF) spoiled steady-state (SS) incoherent gradient-echo sequences have a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Unspoiled SS coherent (SSC) gradient-echo sequences have a higher intrinsic SNR and are T2/T1 weighted so that blood has a relatively large signal compared to other tissues. An SSC sequence that was modified to allow in-plane velocity encoding is presented. Velocity encoding was achieved by inverting the readout gradients. This offers the benefit that there is no resultant increase in repetition time (TR), which avoids increased sensitivity to off-resonance artifacts when conventional velocity-encoding methods using separate velocity-encoding gradients are extended to SSC sequences. The results of standard PC-FQ and the new method from in vitro experiments of constant and sinusoidal flow, and in vivo imaging of the carotid artery were compared. Vector field maps and paths obtained from particle-tracking calculations based on the velocity-encoded images were used to visualize the velocity data. The technique has the potential to increase the precision of PC-FQ measurements.