Abstract
Trends in scintillators that are used in many applications, such as medical imaging, security, oil-logging, high energy physics and non-destructive inspections are reviewed. First, we address traditional inorganic and organic scintillators with respect of limitation in the scintillation light yields and lifetimes. The combination of high–light yield and fast response can be found in Ce 3 + , Pr 3 + and Nd 3 + lanthanide-doped scintillators while the maximum light yield conversion of 100,000 photons/MeV can be found in Eu 3 + doped SrI 2 . However, the fabrication of those lanthanide-doped scintillators is inefficient and expensive as it requires high-temperature furnaces. A self-grown single crystal using solution processes is already introduced in perovskite photovoltaic technology and it can be the key for low-cost scintillators. A novel class of materials in scintillation includes lead halide perovskites. These materials were explored decades ago due to the large X-ray absorption cross section. However, lately lead halide perovskites have become a focus of interest due to recently reported very high photoluminescence quantum yield and light yield conversion at low temperatures. In principle, 150,000–300,000 photons/MeV light yields can be proportional to the small energy bandgap of these materials, which is below 2 eV. Finally, we discuss the extraction efficiency improvements through the fabrication of the nanostructure in scintillators, which can be implemented in perovskite materials. The recent technology involving quantum dots and nanocrystals may also improve light conversion in perovskite scintillators.
Highlights
Excitation of materials with high-energy radiation always gains interests in studying detection, characterization and fundamental exploration [1,2,3]
Pixellated ones are often used for X-ray imaging, while Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT), Si-PM, avalanche photodiodes or hybrid photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are used in the counting regime for γ-ray detection
Energy resolution: the ratio of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak at a certain energy in response to the exciting radiation, divided by the peak energy position in the pulse height spectrum. This feature is mainly important for spectral measurements of the incoming radiation, in particular for applications in γ-ray spectroscopy, and the ability of the scintillator to discriminated between different radiation energies
Summary
Excitation of materials with high-energy radiation always gains interests in studying detection, characterization and fundamental exploration [1,2,3]. The produced photons are detected by a photodetector and converted into electric signals [8,15,16] There is another radiation detection technique through direct registration principle, in which the incoming radiation is directly converted into electrical current in a semiconducting material. This detection concept is outside the scope of our study. We point out the current trends in novel materials and nanotechnology in the frame of the research in scintillators as well as the recent progresses on perovskite scintillators Those can be of interest for low-cost detectors or fast timing applications [14]
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