Abstract
Infectious diseases hold third place in the top 10 causes of death worldwide and were responsible for more than 6.7 million deaths in 2016. Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field which is based on the application of nanotechnology for medical purposes and can be defined as the use of nanomaterials for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment of diseases, including infectious diseases. One of the most used nanomaterials in nanomedicine are nanoparticles, particles with a nano-scale size that show highly tunable physical and optical properties, and the capacity to a wide library of compounds. This manuscript is intended to be a comprehensive review of the available recent literature on nanoparticles used for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases caused by different viruses, and bacteria from a clinical point of view by basing on original articles which talk about what has been made to date and excluding commercial products, but also by highlighting what has not been still made and some clinical concepts that must be considered for futures nanoparticles-based technologies applications.
Highlights
Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 137. https://Infectious diseases still represent a huge constant threat for humanity [1]
3 million deaths have been caused by lower respiratory infections, 1.4 million deaths have been caused by diarrheal diseases, 1.3 million deaths have been caused by tuberculosis, and one million deaths have been caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its complications [2]
These NPs include metal and metal oxide NPs which can be synthesized from metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and/or aluminum (Al) NPs, metal oxides such as iron oxide, magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium oxide (TiO2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, and semiconductors such as silicon and ceramics [18]
Summary
Infectious diseases still represent a huge constant threat for humanity [1]. they hold third place in the top 10 causes of death worldwide and were guilty of more than. One of the most used nanomaterials in nanomedicine are medicine are nanoparticles, nano-scale particles that show highly tunable physical and nanoparticles, nano-scale particles that show highly tunable physical and optical properties optical properties and the capacity to form a wide library of compounds [13] This manuand the capacity a wide library of compounds [13].ofThis manuscript is intended scriptto is form intended to be a comprehensive review the available recent literatureto on nanobe a comprehensive review of the available recent literature on nanoparticles used for the particles used for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases caused by prevention and treatment of human infectious diseasespoint caused different microorganisms different microorganisms from a medical of by view by basing on original articles from a medical point view by basing onmade original articles which talkcommercial about what has which talk of about what has been to date and excluding products, but been made to date and excluding highlighting by highlighting whatcommercial has not beenproducts, still made but and someby clinical conceptswhat that must be has not been still made some clinical concepts that must beapplications. The different functions that can beare achieved withdrug the use of nanomedicine are (improving the pharmacological profile, and specific release to target tissues, overcoming biological barriers, and reducing represented: drug release targeted therapy (improving the pharmacological profile, specific reside effects), diagnosis (increased sensitivity, speed and accuracy, early diagnosis, and specific detection of pathological lease to target tissues, overcoming biological barriers, and reducing side effects), diagnosis (increased sensitivity, speed and accuracy, early diagnosis, and specific detection of pathological biomarkers), theranosis (focused detection and therapy of diseases, visualizing and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment), and nanodevices (biosensors with greater accuracy and sensitivity, and nanorobots for detection and repair at the cellular level)
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