Abstract
In the present study, oil-in-water (O/W) sunscreen emulsions were prepared containing different portions of lignin (LGN), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoadditives. The stability in terms of pH and viscosity of emulsions was thoroughly studied for up to 90 days, exhibiting high stability for all produced O/W emulsions. The antioxidant activity of emulsions was also analyzed, presenting excellent antioxidant properties for the emulsion that contains LGN due to its phenolic compounds. Moreover, the emulsions were evaluated for their ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection ability in terms of sun protection factor (SPF) and UV stability. SPF values varied between 6.48 and 21.24 while the emulsion containing 2% w/v MWCNTs showed the highest SPF index and all samples demonstrated great UV stability. This work hopefully aims to contributing to the research of more organic additives for cosmetic application with various purposes.
Highlights
Skin cancer is the most common disease of human skin, with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) alone consisting at least 40% of new cancer cases and is estimated to upsurge in the coming decades due to aging population [1]
We propose the use of kraft lignin (LGN), graphene oxide (GO)
Stability tests conducted in this study indicate great viscosity and pH stability for up to 90 days storage at room temperature for all fabricated samples
Summary
Skin cancer is the most common disease of human skin, with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) alone consisting at least 40% of new cancer cases and is estimated to upsurge in the coming decades due to aging population [1] Endogenous factors, such as UV radiation due to sun exposure is considered a complete carcinogen factor since it is both a mutagen and a non-specific damaging agent and has properties of both an initiator and a promoter of tumor. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) constitutes a significant feature for cosmetic oils, lotions, and emulsions It is of great importance since the addition of UV protection agents could assistance the preservation of good skin health and the prevention of oxidative stress. Various complications have been caused by currently commercial sunscreen products such as erythema, edema, and irritation, among others [2,5]
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