Abstract
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with a poor prognosis. Conventional therapies are most commonly used in all kinds of treatment because of their relatively high efficacy in killing tumor cells at first. However, as treatment time increases, this efficacy would gradually decrease, along with unavoidable and growing resistance and multiple and serious side effects. At this point, immunotherapy, including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, renders an innovative and more effective way to take advantage of our own immune response to kill cancer cells. It is confirmed to have greater efficacy and safety of immunotherapy over conventional therapies in various cancer treatments, including non-small cell cancer. Combining conventional therapies can also lead to synergistic effects in controlling and killing cancer cells. The purpose of this summary is to verify the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy and the synergistic effects of combination therapy with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review will introduce the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy and combination therapies with chemotherapy and radiotherapy via a summary and interpretation of related preclinical and clinical trials.
Highlights
Lung cancer, characterized by a wide range of tumor cell growth in the tissue of lung, includes more than 50 histomorphological subtypes, where non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) claims about 80%-85% confirmed cases [1]
We introduce the mechanisms of the Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling pathway, its blockage by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and acquired resistance to ICIs and summary both preclinical and clinical trials testing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ICIs, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab in particular
We aim to confirm the improvement of immunotherapy in efficacy, safety, and tolerability compared with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Summary
Lung cancer, characterized by a wide range of tumor cell growth in the tissue of lung, includes more than 50 histomorphological subtypes, where non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) claims about 80%-85% confirmed cases [1]. Most lung cancer treatments still rely on conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy These conventional therapies are effective in controlling and decreasing tumor size at first, they would bring various kinds of serious adverse effects. Cancer cells can grow freely in that they can turn off our immune response and escape from immune surveillance conducted by T cells Based on this mechanism of the escaping of cancer cells, immunotherapy was designed and investigated into and applied to cancer treatments over the past few decades. One kind of immunotherapy agents is immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), including anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. It can block the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and reactivate T cells to proceed with immunological surveillance, effectively and safely clearing tumor cells. We aim to confirm the improvement of immunotherapy in efficacy, safety, and tolerability compared with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy
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