Abstract
The activities linked to the fishing sector generate substantial quantities of by-products, which are often discarded or used as low-value ingredients in animal feed. However, these marine by-products are a prominent potential good source of bioactive compounds, with important functional properties that can be isolated or up-concentrated, giving them an added value in higher end markets, as for instance nutraceuticals and cosmetics. This valorization of fish by-products has been boosted by the increasing awareness of consumers regarding the relationship between diet and health, demanding new fish products with enhanced nutritional and functional properties. To obtain fish by-product-derived biocompounds with good, functional and acceptable organoleptic properties, the selection of appropriate extraction methods for each bioactive ingredient is of the outmost importance. In this regard, over the last years, innovative alternative technologies of intensification, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), have become an alternative to the conventional methods in the isolation of valuable compounds from fish and shellfish by-products. Innovative green technologies present great advantages to traditional methods, preserving and even enhancing the quality and the extraction efficiency, as well as minimizing functional properties’ losses of the bioactive compounds extracted from marine by-products. Besides their biological activities, bioactive compounds obtained by innovative alternative technologies can enhance several technological properties of food matrices, enabling their use as ingredients in novel foods. This review is focusing on analyzing the principles and the use of UAE and SFE as emerging technologies to valorize seafoods and their by-products.
Highlights
Fish is considered to be healthy, and to be among the most nutritious animal-derived foods, due to their content in a high quality of proteins, balanced essential amino acids, high levels of fat-solubleMar
The results showed higher oil recoveries, higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents and higher oxidative stability in the samples subjected to a pretreatment with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) before enzymatic hydrolysis
The results of this study demonstrate that, in applying supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), the utilization of ethanol as the co-solvent allows us to achieve an upconcentration of PUFA
Summary
Fish is considered to be healthy, and to be among the most nutritious animal-derived foods, due to their content in a high quality of proteins, balanced essential amino acids, high levels of fat-soluble. Downstream processing in the biomass refinery includes, among others, conventional techniques, already widely used for the separation, selective upconcentration and extraction of target compounds, such as in fish meal and fish oil [14] or EPA- and DHA-rich oil production [15] These methods are efficient, and their main drawback is related to the high energy consumption and potential thermal degradation of target compounds, due to the high processing temperatures. Innovative alternative extraction technologies, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric fields (PEF) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), have been identified as green extraction techniques for the separation of high-added value compounds [18,19] These alternative technologies have several advantages, including rapid extraction, low solvent consumption rates, use of alternative environmentally-friendly solvents, superior compound recovery rates and higher selectivity. This review aims to provide detailed information on the potential benefits of applying these innovative technologies for a by-product refinery in both academy and the industry
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