Innovative design of environmentally friendly silicon-based polyphosphazene-functionalized hydroxyapatite nanowires: An efficient enhancement strategy for the fire safety and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester

Abstract

Non-toxic, low-smoke, high-efficiency and environmentally friendly flame retardants have become a hot issue at present. Here, polyphosphazene crosslinked by hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and dopamine (DA) was used to modify hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAPNW), obtaining a new environmentally friendly nanohybrids (f-HAPNW). Immediately afterwards, f-HAPNW was incorporated in unsaturated polyester (UPR) matrix in the presence of a nanowire structure with a high aspect ratio, accompanied by excellent interfacial compatibility. The incorporation of a small amount of f-HAPNW achieved an overall improvement in the fire safety and mechanical properties of UPR nanocomposites, including 23% decrease in total heat release rate (THR), 25.7% and 29.5% reduction in total smoke production (TSP) and the peak of CO production rate (PCOP) when the content was 2.0 wt%; 80.1% and 11.9% simultaneous increase in tensile strength and fracture elongation, and 61.2% increase in impact strength when the content was 0.5 wt%. Compared with similar previous research, the introduction of bio-based materials and environmentally friendly flame retardants in the design achieved significant flame-retardant filler efficiency, while considering the issues of reducing smoke release and environmental pollution. In general, this work innovatively prepared an environmentally-friendly hierarchical f-HAPNW structure, and achieved a comprehensive improvement in the performance of UPR nanocomposites, providing a reference idea for the design of high-performance UPR nanocomposites.