Abstract
Marine microalgae and seaweeds (microalgae) represent a sustainable source of various bioactive natural carotenoids, including β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin and fucoxanthin. Recently, the large-scale production of carotenoids from algal sources has gained significant interest with respect to commercial and industrial applications for health, nutrition, and cosmetic applications. Although conventional processing technologies, based on solvent extraction, offer a simple approach to isolating carotenoids, they suffer several, inherent limitations, including low efficiency (extraction yield), selectivity (purity), high solvent consumption, and long treatment times, which have led to advancements in the search for innovative extraction technologies. This comprehensive review summarizes the recent trends in the extraction of carotenoids from microalgae and seaweeds through the assistance of different innovative techniques, such as pulsed electric fields, liquid pressurization, supercritical fluids, subcritical fluids, microwaves, ultrasounds, and high-pressure homogenization. In particular, the review critically analyzes technologies, characteristics, advantages, and shortcomings of the different innovative processes, highlighting the differences in terms of yield, selectivity, and economic and environmental sustainability.
Highlights
Carotenoids are a class of terpenoid pigments with a tetraterpenes (C40 ) backbone, responsible for a range of colors, such as brilliant yellow, orange and red in fruits, vegetables, and aquatic creatures [1].They contain highly conjugated polyene chromophoric chains which give rise to distinct colors and functions [2], constituting two major classes of molecules: (i) carotenes, which are strictly hydrocarbons (e.g., α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene) and (ii) xanthophylls, which are similar to carotenes butMar
Since most carotenoids possess a high degree of hydrophobicity, their effective extractions solvents such as ethanol, limonene and biphasic mixtures of water and organic solvents have been requires the use of non-polar solvents, for example n-hexane, dichloromethane, dimethyl ether, diethyl investigated for recovery of carotenoids from microalgae [45,46]
This comprehensive review has focused on a number of emerging and innovative alternative extraction technologies, including pulsed electric field (PEF), moderate electric field (MEF), and high-voltage discharges (HVED)-assisted extractions, PLE, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), subcritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and high pressure homogenization (HPH), used for the extraction of carotenoids from microalgae and seaweeds
Summary
Carotenoids are a class of terpenoid pigments with a tetraterpenes (C40 ) backbone, responsible for a range of colors, such as brilliant yellow, orange and red in fruits, vegetables, and aquatic creatures [1]. Primary and secondary carotenoids are of considerable interest as natural colorants as well as their potential in human health They possess a wide range of distinctive biological activities, including antioxidant, cardiovascular protection, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity, which have been recently reviewed [15]. The oftoinnovative non-conventional techniques, based of mass transfer of carotenoids from the intracellular space of microalgae and seaweeds, has gained on the physical membrane permeabilization or lysis, to selectively or non-selectively increase the growing interest in recent years. This review extensively recent electrotechnologies‐assisted extraction, as pulsed electric field (PEF), moderatedetails electricthe field advances in high‐voltage the use of novel to recover carotenoids from microalgae and (SFE), seaweeds,. Environmentally friendly solvents (e.g., SFE), superior recovery
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