Injectable silk-polyethylene glycol hydrogels

Abstract

Silk hydrogels for tissue repair are usually pre-formed via chemical or physical treatments from silk solutions. For many medical applications, it is desirable to utilize injectable silk hydrogels at high concentrations (>8%) to avoid surgical implantation and to achieve slow in vivo degradation of the gel. In the present study, injectable silk solutions that formed hydrogels in situ were generated by mixing silk with low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), especially PEG300 and 400 (molecular weight 300 and 400gmol−1). Gelation time was dependent on the concentration and molecular weight of PEG. When the concentration of PEG in the gel reached 40–45%, gelation time was less than 30min, as revealed by measurements of optical density and rheological studies, with kinetics of PEG400 faster than PEG300. Gelation was accompanied by structural changes in silk, leading to the conversion from random coil in solution to crystalline β-sheets in the gels, based on circular dichroism, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The modulus (127.5kPa) and yield strength (11.5kPa) determined were comparable to those of sonication-induced hydrogels at the same concentrations of silk. The time-dependent injectability of 15% PEG–silk hydrogel through 27G needles showed a gradual increase of compression forces from ∼10 to 50N within 60min. The growth of human mesenchymal stem cells on the PEG–silk hydrogels was hindered, likely due to the presence of PEG, which grew after a 5day delay, presumably while the PEG solubilized away from the gel. When 5% PEG–silk hydrogel was subcutaneously injected in rats, significant degradation and tissue in-growth took place after 20days, as revealed by ultrasound imaging and histological analysis. No significant inflammation around the gel was observed. The features of injectability, slow degradation and low initial cell attachment suggests that these PEG–silk hydrogels are of interest for many biomedical applications, such as anti-fouling and anti-adhesion.