Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a predominant impediment among diabetic patients, increasing morbidity and wound care costs. There are various strategies including using biomaterials have been explored for the management of DFU. This paper will review the injectable hydrogel application as the most studied polymer-based hydrogel based on published journals and articles. The main key factors that will be discussed in chronic wounds focusing on diabetic ulcers include the socioeconomic burden of chronic wounds, biomaterials implicated by the government for DFU management, commercial hydrogel product, mechanism of injectable hydrogel, the current study of novel injectable hydrogel and the future perspectives of injectable hydrogel for the management of DFU.
Highlights
The skin is the body’s first defence mechanism as it acts as a shield from external pathogens and it initiates Vitamin D synthesis, thermal regulation and hydration
This phase is inaugurated by neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages causing the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) besides the growth factors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) that are the main essentials in the wound healing process [8]
These actions include the restoration of oxygen supply, the genesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, vitronectin and collagen, proliferation and migration of fibroblast and keratinocytes that are the key essentials for the recovery of the integrity and functionality of the tissues [8]
Summary
The skin is the body’s first defence mechanism as it acts as a shield from external pathogens and it initiates Vitamin D synthesis, thermal regulation and hydration. In contrast with chronic wounds, this type of wound involves a much more distorted healing process that can be classified as ulcers including all the others as pressure, venous, arterial, vascular and DFU. These chronic wounds demonstrate stalled inflammatory phase resulting in the development of biofilm, bacterial clusters, and elevation of protease at the site of the wound. Skin ulcers are often being related to diabetes, which is defined as the loss of the epithelium lining continuity, a dry type of stratified squamous epithelium (which causes the underlying tissue surface to be bare open). The interaction of cells, growth factors, and cytokines are involved in wound repair, which is a crucial part of the healing process
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