Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With Cancer Pain

Abstract

ContextEvaluating religious/spiritual influences in the growing Chinese-American population may inform the development of culturally relevant palliative care interventions. ObjectivesWe assessed the psychometric properties and acceptability of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale–Chinese (DSES-C) in Chinese Americans with cancer-related pain. MethodsThe translated 16-item DSES-C was administered as part of a symptom intervention for Chinese-American cancer patients. Patients were recruited from four New York community oncology practices. ResultsOf 321 patients, 78.7% were born in Mainland China, 79.1% spoke Cantonese, and 70.2% endorsed a religious affiliation (Ancestor worship, 31.7%; Chinese God worship, 29.8%; Buddhism, 17.1%; Christianity, 14.0%). In total, 82.6% completed the DSES-C (mean age = 57.7 years; 60.8% women) and 17.4% declined (mean age = 59.3 years; 52.0% women). Reasons for declining included low religiosity or perceived relevance of the scale items and difficulties separating spirituality from religiosity terms. Individuals having a religious affiliation were more likely to complete the DSES-C, whereas those not engaging in individual spiritual/religious practices or frequent group spiritual/religious practices tended to decline (all P < 0.05). The DSES-C (mean total score = 43.6, SD = 19.3) demonstrated high reliability (alpha = 0.94). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a one-factor solution, with significant loadings (>0.40) across items except Item 14 (“Accept others”). Construct validity was suggested by a positive association between DSES-C scores and having a religious affiliation (P < 0.05). ConclusionIn Chinese Americans with cancer pain, the DSES-C demonstrated acceptable psychometrics. Some participants experienced linguistic or cultural barriers preventing completion. Future investigations should provide additional validation in different Asian subgroups and those with varied medical conditions.