Abstract
BackgroundGrit is a key concept in positive psychology and educational science. The construct measures two related constructs that are interest and effort. Several instruments have been developed to measure this construct in professional and educational contexts, but no tools have been developed considering specific contexts such as physical education and sport.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to develop and test a measurement scale to assess Grit in the context of physical education and sport.MethodsTwo exploratory (Phase 1) and confirmatory (Phase 2) samples were administered the 16-item PE-Grit scale in Arabic. In addition, the confirmatory sample also was administered the R-SPQ-2F two-factor learning approaches scale. The factor structure was examined first by exploratory factor analysis on the first sample and then by confirmatory factor analysis on the second sample. Reliability testing was performed by checking internal consistency simultaneously by the three indices: McDonald's ω, Cronbach's α and Gutmann's λ6. Concurrent validity was checked by Pearson's correlation between the PE-Grit and the two dimensions of the SPQ-2F.ResultsAfter the exploratory factor analysis, which identified the factors and gave a preliminary validation of the designed instrument, confirmatory factor analysis was performed on three hierarchical models to be able to identify the best fitting model. A third-order hierarchical model with two physical and academic components each formed by interest and effort presented the best fit indices: chi X2 = 192.95 (p < 0.01), and the X2/DF = 1.36; GFI = 0.99; AGFI = 0.99; CFI and TLI close to 1; RMSEA = 0.025. In addition, McDonald's ω, internal consistency, and Gutmann's λ6 ranged from 0.78 to 0.86 for all four scale dimensions.ConclusionThe PE-Grit scale displays adequate factor structure, good reliability, and acceptable concurrent validity and can be administered to assess Grit in physical education and sport students.
Highlights
Today, physical education, as a regular and institutionalized physical activity, has become central to the school and university system in most countries
Grit is a key concept in positive psychology and educational science
After the exploratory factor analysis, which identified the factors and gave a preliminary validation of the designed instrument, confirmatory factor analysis was performed on three hierarchical models to be able to identify the best fitting model
Summary
Physical education, as a regular and institutionalized physical activity, has become central to the school and university system in most countries. Preparing a future physical education teacher essentially requires multiple practical and theoretical knowledge to develop the necessary professional skills [7]. The student must have theoretical knowledge in psychology, sociology, pedagogy, statistics, movement science, and biology, in addition to practical training in sport. A significant body of research has argued that physical performance and the development of various psychomotor, emotional, and cognitive skills are essential for success. In this regard, students in this field are exposed to adverse conditions similar to those of athletes: for example, physical fatigue [12], pain that is caused by many physical and athletic activities [13], and even high pressure on the lumbar spine [14, 15]. Several instruments have been developed to measure this construct in professional and educational contexts, but no tools have been developed considering specific contexts such as physical education and sport
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