Abstract
Palmultang (PM) is an herbal decoction that has been used to treat anorexia, anemia, general prostration, and weakness due to chronic illness since medieval times in Korea, China, and Japan. The present study focused on the inhibitory effects of PM on the production of inflammatory factors and on the activation of mechanisms in murine macrophages. PM suppressed the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory proteins by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and by inducing heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. Collectively, our results explain the anti-inflammatory effect and inhibitory mechanism of PM in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Highlights
IntroductionPalmultang (PM) is a traditional herbal medication that has been used since medieval times in
Palmultang (PM) is a traditional herbal medication that has been used since medieval times inEast Asia
We demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of PM in murine macrophages stimulated with LPS
Summary
Palmultang (PM) is a traditional herbal medication that has been used since medieval times in. NF-κB plays an important role in the expression of inflammatory genes. Activated NF-κB can be transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to promoters and induces the expression of various inflammatory genes [10,11]. MAPK signaling pathways play an important role in transmitting inflammatory signals [12] and comprise extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation and induce activation of the NF-κB pathway and expression of the iNOS gene. We evaluated the suppressive effect of PM on inflammation induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We researched whether the effects of PM on NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and on induction of HO-1 explain the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PM
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