Abstract
The species Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata, both known popularly as “Saião,” are used interchangeably in traditional medicine for their antiophidic properties. Studies evaluating the anti-venom activity of these species are scarce. This study aims to characterize the chemical constituents and evaluate the inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata against local effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) were performed for characterization of chemical markers of the extracts from these species. For antiophidic activity evaluation, B. jararaca venom-induced paw edema and skin hemorrhage in mice were evaluated. In both models, hydroethanolic extracts (125–500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in different protocols. Inhibition of phospholipase enzymatic activity of B. jararaca was evaluated. The HPLC-DAD-MS/MS chromatographic profile of extracts showed some particularities in the chemical profile of the two species. K. brasileinsis exhibited major peaks that have UV spectra similar to flavonoid glycosides derived from patuletin and eupafolin, while K. pinnata showed UV spectra similar to flavonoids glycosides derived from quercetin and kaempferol. Both extracts significantly reduced the hemorrhagic activity of B. jararaca venom in pre-treatment protocol, reaching about 40% of inhibition, while only K. pinnata was active in post-treatment protocol (about 30% of inhibition). In the antiedematogenic activity, only K. pinnata was active, inhibiting about 66% and 30% in pre and post-treatment protocols, respectively. Both extracts inhibited phospholipase activity; however, K. pinnata was more active. In conclusion, the results indicate the potential antiophidic activity of Kalanchoe species against local effects induced by B. jararaca snake venom, suggesting their potential use as a new source of bioactive molecules against bothropic venom.
Highlights
The genus Kalanchoe, one of the most important genera of the family Crassulaceae used in folk medicine, contains approximately 125 species [1]
The analyses by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed a great variety of phenolic compounds, with differences between hydroethanolic extracts (HE) and fractions of K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata (S2 Fig)
The orange colors when revealed with NP Reagent and observed under UV-365 nm of the K. brasiliensis compounds indicate the presence of flavonoids, probably with a patuletin skeleton
Summary
The genus Kalanchoe, one of the most important genera of the family Crassulaceae used in folk medicine, contains approximately 125 species [1]. Most notable among these species are Kalanchoe brasiliesis Cambess, native to Brazil, and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk) Pers. (S1 Fig), native to Madagascar [1, 2] These species are indistinctively known by the same common name in Brazil as "saião" and "coirama," and are widely used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties [3]. No study provides a comparative analysis between both species, which are morphologically similar and often used interchangeably by the population, and even known popularly by the same common name [3]
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